Foundations & Groundworks
110 sources in the library on foundations & groundworks. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 3 of 3.
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Kingspan Insulation
Extruded polystyrene (XPS) boards, 1250 x 600 mm. Declared compressive strength: GG300 is 300 kPa and GG500 is 500 kPa when tested to BS EN 826. Declared thermal conductivity: GG300 0.033 W/mK across 30 to 180 mm; GG500 0.034 W/mK at 50 mm and 0.036 W/mK at 80 and 100 mm. Fire: under System 4 AVCP, Kingspan GreenGuard has a Euroclass rating of F.
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Kingspan Insulation
Fibre-free rigid thermoset polyisocyanurate (PIR) floor board to BS EN 13165: 2012 + A2: 2016, foil faced both sides, for solid concrete and suspended ground floors. Declared thermal conductivity 0.022 W/mK. Declared compressive stress 120 kPa at 10% compression to BS EN 826. Water vapour resistance to BS EN 12086 greater than 50 MNs/g for the insulation core and greater than 100 MNs/g for the composite foil facing. R-values are thickness divided by 0.022 rounded down to the nearest 0.05 m2K/W. Fire: under System 4 AVCP, TF70 has a Euroclass rating of F.
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Lignacite
Product data updated 22 December 2025. Face size 440 x 215 mm, thickness 100 mm and 140 mm. Mean unit strength 3.6, 7.3 and 10.4 N/mm2. Group 1 solid blocks, dimensional tolerance Category D1, net dry density 1450 kg/m3. Thermal conductivity 0.47 W/mK at 3% moisture (internal use) and 0.51 W/mK at 5% moisture (external use). Reaction to fire Class A1, moisture movement less than 0.5 mm/m, frost resistance to PD 6697 Table 15. BSI Kitemarked and certified to BS EN 771-3, Category 1 masonry units. Lignacite recommend 215 mm walls be built from 100 mm blocks laid flat, and that 7.3 N/mm2 blocks be used below ground where exposed to external soil. 3.6 or 7.3 N/mm2 blocks are used as beam and block infill, with the 3.6 N transverse tested.
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Lignacite
Product data updated 8 January 2026. Dense concrete block, generally 440 x 215 mm face size, with the 140 mm Midi at 290 x 215 mm. Mean unit strengths 7.3, 10.4, 17.5, 22.5 and 30 N/mm2, the widest strength range of the Lignacite ranges. Group 1 solid, tolerance Category D1. Net dry density 2000 kg/m3 for the 7.3 and 10.4 N blocks and 2100 kg/m3 for the 22.5 N and above. Thermal conductivity 1.33 W/mK at 3% moisture and 1.43 W/mK at 5%. Reaction to fire Class A1, moisture movement less than 0.6 mm/m. BS EN 771-3, BSI Kitemarked, Category 1. Used for internal and fire break walls and as beam and block floor infill.
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Mannok (formerly Quinn Building Products)
Expanded polystyrene board, lengths 1200, 1800 and 2400 mm, widths 600 and 1200 mm, thicknesses 25 mm to 100 mm as standard. Thermal conductivity 0.036 W/mK. Compressive strength at 10% deformation 100 kPa; bending strength 150 kPa. Water vapour diffusion factor 30 to 70; water vapour permeability 0.010 to 0.024 mg/PaNM. Long term water absorption WL(T)05 by total immersion, less than 1% by partial immersion. Approximate density 20 kg/m3. Fire Classification E.
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Mannok (formerly Quinn Building Products)
Expanded polystyrene board, lengths 1200, 1800 and 2400 mm, widths 600 and 1200 mm, thicknesses 25 mm to 100 mm as standard. Thermal conductivity 0.035 W/mK. Compressive strength at 10% deformation 150 kPa; bending strength 200 kPa. Water vapour diffusion factor 40 to 100; permeability 0.007 to 0.018 mg/PaNM. Long term water absorption WL(T)05 total immersion, less than 1% partial immersion. Approximate density 25 kg/m3. Fire Classification E. Certified by IAB and BBA for use in underfloor heating systems.
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Mannok (formerly Quinn Building Products)
Expanded polystyrene board, lengths 1200, 1800 and 2400 mm, widths 600 and 1200 mm, thicknesses 25 mm to 100 mm as standard. Thermal conductivity 0.034 W/mK. Compressive strength at 10% deformation 200 kPa; bending strength 250 kPa. Water vapour diffusion factor 40 to 100; permeability 0.007 to 0.018 mg/PaNM. Approximate density 30 kg/m3. Fire Classification E.
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Mannok (formerly Quinn Building Products)
Expanded polystyrene board, lengths 1200, 1800 and 2400 mm, widths 600 and 1200 mm, thicknesses 25 mm to 100 mm as standard. Thermal conductivity 0.038 W/mK. Compressive strength at 10% deformation 70 kPa; bending strength 115 kPa. Dimensional stability DS(N)5 length, DS(N)2 width. Water vapour diffusion factor 20 to 40; water vapour permeability 0.018 to 0.036 mg/PaNM. Long term water absorption WL(T)05 by total immersion (less than 5%), less than 1% by partial immersion. Approximate density 15 kg/m3. Fire Classification E.
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Marshalls
Modal X Priora permeable concrete paving. Available in a textured finish, eight colours, seven plan sizes, in 60 mm or 80 mm depth, plus three complementary sett sizes in a riven texture. Nibs on the edges of each unit let water drain into the joints and into a prepared sub-base, then to ground or a controlled release to drain, removing the need for point drainage. Marshalls state the edge detail lets units be laid in any direction while still achieving 40% more interlock than standard paving. Example unit: Modal X Pro Priora Textured Riven 240 x 160 x 80 mm, approximate unit weight 8 kg, pack weight 1516 kg, made to order. Marshalls flag that maximum loading suitability does not apply to every size and depends on the install method, bond pattern and sub-base design. A non-permeable version of the same range is available.
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Newton Waterproofing Systems
CDM 503 HDPE cavity drain membrane, white. Unit weight 0.5 kg/m2, sheet thickness 0.6 mm, stud height 3 mm. Water tightness at 60 kPa for 24 hours, pass. Used on walls, floors, vaults and tunnels as part of the Newton CDM System for below ground waterproofing under BS 8102:2022, which Newton note requires a maintainable system and a waterproofing specialist in the design team.
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Newton Waterproofing Systems
CDM 508 HDPE cavity drain membrane, white. Overall height 8.0 mm, membrane thickness 0.45 mm, stud height 7.0 mm. Two densities, 500 g/m2 and 700 g/m2, in 2.0 m x 20 m (40 m2) and 2.4 m x 20 m (48 m2) rolls, codes M1-5-40, M1-5-48, M1-7-40, M1-7-48; only the 700 g/m2 variants are used on floors. Packaged weight 20, 24, 28 or 33.6 kg. Working temperature -50 to +80 C, service temperature -40 to +80 C, softening temperature 126 C. Installed performance: water tightness at 60 kPa for 24 h pass, tensile strength MD 416 N and CD 488 N, resistance to static loading over 20 kg, compressive strength 180 kN, fire resistance E, application Type V. Guaranteed against deterioration for 30 years, BBA Agrement Certificate 22/6357. Capable of delivering a Grade 3 internal environment under BS 8102:2022 where ventilation is also provided. Substrates: concrete, brick, concrete block, ICF with longer fixing plugs; floors over a concrete raft or slab or Fibran XPS 500-C.
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Plasmor
Plascon dense aggregate block. Strengths 7.3 N/mm2 and 10.4 N/mm2, both at a dry density of 1900 kg/m3. Thermal conductivity K 1.13 W/mK at both strengths, which is roughly ten times the lambda of an aircrete block and the reason dense blocks are kept out of the insulated leaf. Sizes 100 mm and 140 mm in both strengths, solid. Work size 440 x width x 215 mm, coordinating 450 x width x 225 mm. Pack coverage 7.2 m2 at 100 mm and 4.8 m2 at 140 mm.
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Plasmor
Stranlite Foundation block. Dry density 1400 kg/m3, strengths 7.3 N/mm2 and 10.4 N/mm2. Sizes 300 x 275 x 140 mm, 300 x 250 x 140 mm and 350 x 250 x 140 mm. Pack quantities 72 blocks for the 300 mm sizes and 48 for the 350 x 250. Blocks per square metre: 300 x 250 x 140 gives 25.6 laid 300 mm wide and 21.5 laid 250 mm wide; 300 x 275 x 140 gives 23.4 laid 300 wide and 21.5 laid 275 wide; 350 x 250 x 140 gives 25.6 laid 350 wide and 21.5 laid 250 wide.
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Polypipe
Cell data. Polystorm Lite, product code PSM2, 1 m x 0.5 m x 0.4 m high, unit weight 7 kg, cube storage volume 0.19 m3 or 190 litres, surface area 55% perforated, maximum compressive strength 20 tonnes per square metre, 15 cells per pallet. Polystorm, product code PSM1, same 1 m x 0.5 m x 0.4 m size, unit weight 9 kg, storage volume 0.19 m3 or 190 litres, maximum compressive strength 40 tonnes per square metre, 15 per pallet. The range is designed to a 95% void ratio and spans 20 to 80 tonnes per square metre load bearing capacity. Ancillaries include a basic silt trap PSMST160, an advanced 15 litres/sec silt trap PSMSTA160/15, round cover and frame UG501, square UG502, 450 mm silt trap lid and frame UG512 and a 460 mm lockable plastic cover and frame UG511.
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Polypipe Civils and Green Urbanisation
Polystorm geocellular range for retention, attenuation and infiltration. Headline figures: 95% void ratio compared with traditional aggregate, load bearing strength from 20 to 83 tonnes/m2 across the range, 60 plus years design life, 100% recyclable. Variants listed are Polystorm R, Access, Inspect, Deep, Xtra, Biomat, Catchpit, Silt Trap, Low-Flow Control Unit and accessories, with the deeper units aimed at greater burial depths.
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Rawlplug
Pure epoxy bonded anchor, approvals ETA-21/0244 and UKTA-22/6132, working life up to 100 years, for cracked and non-cracked concrete C20/25 to C50/60, dry and wet substrates including flooded holes (use categories I1 and I2), diamond and hammer drilling, seismic categories C1 and C2. Installation data by rebar size: 8 mm bar needs a 12 mm hole, minimum embedment 60 mm, maximum 160 mm; 10 mm bar 14 mm hole, 70 to 200 mm; 12 mm bar 18 mm hole, 80 to 240 mm; 14 mm bar 18 mm hole, 80 to 280 mm; 16 mm bar 22 mm hole, 100 to 320 mm; 20 mm bar 26 mm hole, 120 to 400 mm. Minimum spacing and edge distance 40 mm up to 14 mm bar, 50 mm at 16 mm, 60 mm at 20 mm. Minimum substrate thickness hnom+30 and at least 100 mm. Curing and working times: at 5 C, 2880 minutes cure and 150 minutes working time; at 10 C, 1080 and 120; at 20 C, 480 and 35; at 25 C resin in 30 C concrete, 300 and 12. Curing time must be doubled in wet concrete. Mean ultimate tension loads range from 24.7 kN for the smallest bar at minimum embedment to 92.9 kN at maximum embedment for larger bars. Holes must be brushed and blown at least four times each and resin injected from the base of the hole filling to 70% of depth.
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Safeguard Europe
Single pack water-based barrier coating for above ground use, applied in two coats by brush, roller or spray, touch dry in about one hour. Dark blue or white thick liquid, density 1.0 g/cm3, active ingredient styrene butadiene based. Supplied in 1 litre tins and 5 litre buckets. Coverage as a vapour barrier 4.5 m2 per 5 litres. Performance: water resistance 20 metres head, water vapour permeability less than 4 g/m2 per day, methane resistance 10 times, radon barrier, tensile strength 4 N/mm2, elongation at break 350%. Suitable for solid floors, embedded timbers and floor-to-wall junctions, and a barrier to radon, carbon dioxide and methane. Not suitable as a bond coat on walls, where Drybase Flex Membrane or Bondaid Plus SBR is used instead.
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Safeguard Europe
Patented 12 mm diameter grooved fibre rods carrying a water repellent, inserted into pre-drilled 12 mm holes along a mortar line. Supplied in packs of 10 rods, 180 mm long, 12 mm diameter. Coverage per 10 m of wall: 42 rods for a 4.5 inch (115 mm) wall, 84 rods for a 9 inch wall. For a 115 mm wall the drill hole depth is 95 mm and the rod length 90 mm. Holes are set 120 mm apart approximately 150 mm above ground when treating from outside. Drilling pressure is reduced 40 mm short of full depth to avoid blowing out the far face. Effective in both new alkaline and old neutral mortar, and can be applied in cold conditions. Shelf life 12 months unopened. Safeguard direct thicker or rubble-filled walls to Dryzone Cream instead. BBA Certificate 97/3363. Last modified 01/24.
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Safeguard Europe
Silicone damp-proofing cream for remedial rising damp, injected into holes drilled along a mortar bed. Thick white cream, density 0.9 g/cm3, water based, active ingredients silane and siloxane. Packed as a 5 litre bucket, 600 ml foil sausage and 310 ml mastic cartridge. Shelf life 18 months, 12 months in the 5 litre bucket. Application: SDS drill on rotary hammer with a 12 mm bit; from outside, holes 120 mm apart in a mortar course roughly 150 mm above ground; from inside, the lowest accessible mortar course. Existing damaged and salt contaminated plaster is removed to 30 cm above the proposed DPC line or 30 cm above the highest point of rising damp, per BS 6576. The cream typically cures to a damp proof course over about one month. BBA Certificate 97/3363. Datasheet last modified 02/24.
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Sika Limited
Sika-1 pre-bagged cementitious tanking, a Type A barrier waterproofing system to BS 8102, usable internally and externally. Wall build-up in three coats: 1st coat Sika Spritz Mortar at 6 mm, 2nd coat Sika Render Mortar at 6 mm, 3rd coat Sika Finishing Mortar at 6 mm, total system thickness minimum 18 mm, with extra render coats if needed. Floor build-up: 1st coat Spritz Mortar as a bonding slurry, 2nd coat Spritz Mortar at 10 mm, 3rd coat Sika Screed Mortar at 20 mm, total minimum 30 mm. Supplied in 25 kg bags with a coloured band. Mixing and coverage: Spritz Mortar 25 kg with 5.5 litres of clean water covering about 2 m2 at 6 mm; Render Mortar 25 kg with 3.1 litres covering about 2 m2 at 6 mm; Finishing Mortar 25 kg with 3.1 litres covering about 2 m2 at 6 mm; Screed Mortar 25 kg with 2.5 litres covering 0.6 m2 at 20 mm. Wall to floor joints must be sealed with Sikadur components. The datasheet warns never to score or scratch any of the render coats. Sikagard and Sikafloor coatings can be applied directly over the system. Installation by Sika Registered Contractors.
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Unilin Insulation (formerly Xtratherm)
Rigid polystyrene board cut from moulded blocks, 2400 x 1200 mm and 1800 x 1200 mm. Thermal conductivity 0.035 W/mK. Compressive strength CS(10Y) 100 kPa. Thickness tolerance class T2. Reaction to fire: Euroclass F. Covered by BBA 24/7224 (2024), with a DoP and an EPD published on the same page.
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Unilin Insulation (formerly Xtratherm)
Rigid extruded polystyrene board, 1250 x 600 mm, thicknesses 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 mm. Thermal conductivity 0.033 to 0.035 W/mK. Compressive strength CS(10Y) 300 kPa. Reaction to fire: Euroclass E. Published R-values (m2K/W): 30 mm 0.90, 40 mm 1.20, 50 mm 1.50, 60 mm 1.80, 80 mm 2.25, 100 mm 2.85, 120 mm 3.40, 140 mm 4.00, 160 mm 4.25. The range is also available in 500 kPa and 700 kPa grades.
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Unilin Insulation (formerly Xtratherm)
High performance extruded polystyrene board, 1250 x 600 mm, thicknesses 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mm. Thermal conductivity 0.033 to 0.035 W/mK. Compressive strength CS(10Y) 500 kPa. Reaction to fire: Euroclass E. Published R-values (m2K/W): 30 mm 0.90, 40 mm 1.20, 50 mm 1.50, 60 mm 1.80, 80 mm 2.25, 100 mm 2.85, 120 mm 3.40.
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Visqueen (British Polythene)
Black polyethylene damp proof membrane made from a minimum 85% recycled polyethylene. Three thicknesses: 0.25 mm and 0.3 mm both supplied 4 m x 25 m, and 0.5 mm supplied 4 m x 12.5 m. All rolls are multi folded. BBA certified. Visqueen state clearly that this product is NOT accredited for radon applications and direct radon work to Visqueen Ultimate RadonBlok 600 or Radon R400 instead.
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Visqueen (British Polythene)
Multi-layer reinforced polyethylene gas barrier incorporating a 20 micron aluminium foil, blue on the upper face and silver on the reverse. Supplied in single wound (not folded) rolls, 2 m x 50 m. Compliant with the methane gas transmission rate, mass per unit area and thickness requirements of BS 8485:2015 + A1:2019, and with NHBC Foundation NF94 guidance for Type A membrane locations provided there is no contact with uncured concrete or screed. Also serves as a radon barrier and damp proof membrane. Lap joints can be heat welded or taped depending on specification. BBA certified.
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Visqueen (British Polythene)
Robust co-polymer thermoplastic membrane, 0.5 mm thick, yellow, supplied 4 m x 12.5 m centre folded, which Visqueen say reduces the risk of cracks in screed and limits creases. Lap joints can be taped or heat welded. Sulphate resistant: when installed with heat welded joints it is suitable for DS classifications 1 to 5 under ACEC. BBA certified.
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Visqueen (British Polythene)
Black flexible co-polymer thermoplastic damp proof course and cavity tray, 0.8 mm thick, made from thermoplastic polymers with elastomer additives. Visqueen state explicitly that the product does not conform to BS 6515:1984. Supplied in 20 m rolls in widths 100, 112.5, 150, 225, 300, 337.5, 450, 500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 900, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mm. BBA certified, assessed to NHBC Technical Requirement R3. Gas resistant as part of the Visqueen Low Permeability Gas Membrane system to NHBC Amber 1, and used with Visqueen radon membranes for radon protection. System components include the Zedex DPC surface fixing system, HP Tanking Primer 5 L, VisqueenPro detailing strip 300 mm x 10 m, DPC joint support and 100 mm double sided butyl tape 100 mm x 15 m.
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Wykamol Group
CM20 is a 20 mm studded HDPE membrane, black, for high water volumes on floors, walls, vaults and tunnels. Unit weight 1 kg/m2, sheet thickness 1 mm, stud height 20 mm. Supplied in 2 m x 20 m and 2 m x 10 m rolls, the latter kept to 20 kg. Water tightness at 60 kPa for 24 h pass to EN 1928, working temperature -50 to +80 C, softening 126 C, tensile strength MD 416 N and CD 488 N, static loading resistance over 20 kg, compressive strength 170 kN/m2, reaction to fire Class E to BS EN 13501-1:2007+A1:2009, Type V, life expectancy the lifetime of the structure. Sheets overlap by three studs and stud-to-stud joints are overlapped by at least two rows. Wykamol note CM20 requires a minimum slope of 10%.
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Wykamol Group
CM3 Mesh is a 3 mm studded HDPE membrane with a tough HDPE mesh lathing welded to the front face so plaster, adhesive dabs and plasterboard can be applied direct. It delivers a Grade 3 environment to BS 8102:2009 and NHBC Chapter 5.4. Unit weight 0.505 kg/m2, sheet thickness 0.6 mm, stud height 3 mm, clear. Water tightness at 60 kPa for 24 h pass to EN 1928. Working temperature -50 to +80 C, softening 126 C, tensile strength MD 416 N and CD 488 N, static loading resistance over 20 kg, compressive strength 250 kN/m2 (the highest of the Wykamol cavity drain range), reaction to fire Class E, Type V, life expectancy the lifetime of the structure. Plaster finish: a lightweight coat filling the studs and covering the mesh at a minimum 8 mm covering at least 50% of the membrane, then a second coat to a final overall thickness of 15 mm.
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Wykamol Group
CM8 is an 8 mm studded HDPE cavity drain membrane, clear. Unit weight 0.5 kg/m2, sheet thickness 0.45 mm, stud height 7 mm. Water tightness at 60 kPa for 24 h pass to EN 1928. Working temperature -50 to +80 C, softening temperature 126 C. Tensile strength MD 416 N and CD 488 N to BS 12311-2, resistance to static loading over 20 kg to BS 12730, compressive strength 180 kN/m2 to BS EN ISO 25619-2, reaction to fire Class E to BS EN 13501-1, Type V application, life expectancy the lifetime of the structure. Fixed studs-facing-the-wall with Wykamol plaster or brick plugs, holes drilled through the centre of a stud, stud-to-stud joints sealed with Wykamol Rope. Where a stud frame finish is used, battens are a minimum 25 x 38 mm fixed with No. 10 (5 mm) screws.