References

Cladding & Render

85 sources in the library on cladding & render. Each one says what the document covers and what it is good for. Name a source to see which document it is and where to read it. One at a time. Page 2 of 3.

1. strong RN-50AW9U

   BSI (British Standards Institution)

   The product standard for modern thin coat renders, which is the one silicone, silicone-silicate and acrylic renders are declared to rather than BS EN 998-1. Published 30 Sep 2017, Current, with Designated status for UKCA marking. It applies to factory made renders and plasters based on organic binders used as external or internal covering on walls, columns, partitions and ceilings, manufactured either as ready to use paste or in powder form, and it also covers renders and plasters with inorganic binders such as silicates, silanes, siloxanes and silicones. It contains definitions, final performance requirements and the characteristic categories used to designate a render, plus the assessment and verification of constancy of performance regime and marking requirements. Two exclusions matter: it does not apply to coating materials and coating systems, and it contains no recommendations for the design and application of renders and plasters, which is why it must be read with codes of application such as BS EN 13914-1 and national specifications. Pairing it with BS EN 998-1 lets a note distinguish a cement-based render from an organic thin coat render on a proper basis.

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2. strong RN-GWKTRS

   BSI (British Standards Institution)

   STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 31 January 2012. BS EN 490:2004+A1:2006 was published 19 January 2005, identical to EN 490:2004, and specified the requirements for concrete roofing tiles and fittings for pitched roof coverings and for wall cladding and lining. It was replaced by BS EN 490:2011, so a note citing the 2004 or 2006 edition is quoting a withdrawn one; an undated citation of BS EN 490 remains safe. The companion test method standard is BS EN 491, and the equivalents for other coverings are BS EN 1304 for clay tiles, BS EN 492 for fibre cement slates and BS EN 12326 for natural slate, with fixing and wind uplift design in BS 5534. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name the replacement.

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3. strong RN-T77400

   BSI (British Standards Institution)

   STATUS: WITHDRAWN on 31 January 2012, on the same day as its companion product standard BS EN 490:2004+A1:2006. BS EN 491:2004 was published 18 January 2005, ISBN 0 580 45377 4, and specified the test methods for concrete roofing tiles and valley tiles for pitched roofs: dimensional checks on hanging length, squareness, cover width and flatness, and performance tests for mass, transverse (breaking) strength, impermeability, freeze thaw resistance and nib support. It was replaced by BS EN 491:2011. A note quoting transverse strength figures for concrete tiles tested to BS EN 491:2004 is citing a withdrawn edition. Catalogue page confirms number, title, publication date, withdrawal date and scope but does not name the replacement.

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4. strong RN-6FMWAM

   UKAS

   The body that sits one level above every certification mark a product carries, and the answer to the question of who checks the checkers. UKAS states that it is the National Accreditation Body for the United Kingdom, appointed by government to assess and accredit organisations providing services including certification, testing, inspection, calibration, validation and verification. Its site carries a searchable directory of accredited organisations, an explanation of the difference between accreditation and certification, and an impartiality statement. This matters for the insulation and cladding clusters in particular: a performance claim tested at a UKAS accredited laboratory, or certified by a UKAS accredited certification body such as the BBA or WRAS, sits on a different footing from an in-house test result or a self-declared figure, and the directory lets that be checked rather than assumed.

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5. strong RN-S96LKB

   United Kingdom Accreditation Service

   UKAS explains what each sanction means in practice. A suspension is normally temporary, with the body expected to regain accreditation within three months and up to nine in exceptional circumstances. While suspended an organisation cannot provide accredited services, cannot issue new accredited certificates, and must tell existing and prospective customers of its status. Certificates issued before the suspension remain valid unless they were issued incorrectly, though annual surveillance or renewal visits falling inside the suspension period may not be supportable.

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6. good RN-AGZH4D

   BM TRADA (Element)

   BM TRADA is an independent certification, training and technical services organisation, part of Element, providing third-party certification for a range of fire and non-fire products against relevant international standards. It runs a Check a Certificate verification service so a claimed certification on a timber or door product can be confirmed rather than taken on trust, and it publishes an Impartiality Policy. Its sister organisation Warringtonfire provides fire resistance and reaction to fire testing. Cite this as the verification route when a note says a reader should check that a cladding board or fire door carries genuine third-party certification.

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7. good RN-96E83P

   Brick Development Association

   The BDA is the UK trade body for clay brick, based in Stoke-on-Trent. It states clay brick has a minimum lifespan of 150 years and a low carbon footprint from locally sourced natural materials, and positions brick against the Building Safety Act and Future Homes Standard. It publishes guides, research papers and CPD material through its Resources section and provides a Brick Calculator tool for working out quantities, which is the practical item for a note estimating a brick slip or brick cladding job. It has run the Brick Awards for 50 years.

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8. good RN-UQODEP

   CWCT (Centre for Window and Cladding Technology)

   The UK technical authority for cladding and facade systems, and the publisher of the CWCT Standard for Systemised Building Envelopes that a rainscreen specification will normally reference. Its site carries a Standards section split into Technical Updates, Guides and Reports, Technical Notes, Superseded Standards and External Publications, plus the FACETS resource and the Cladding Forum for members. Two publication strands are worth naming in a cladding note: the CWCT and Society of Facade Engineering fire guidance, and the CWCT embodied carbon methodology for facades. Use it as the source for what a professionally specified rainscreen has to satisfy, as distinct from the Building Regulations minimum in regulation 7.

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9. good RN-70DFX4

   INCA

   INCA is the recognised trade association for the external wall insulation industry in the UK, established in 1981, representing system designers, installation contractors and component suppliers in three membership categories: EWI installers, EWI system designers, and INCA Associates. Members must meet published criteria, set out in Membership Criteria Combined 2025, so that a client is engaging a specialist contractor meeting recognised standards of competence. Its knowledge hub carries EWI Retrofit PAS 2035 guidance, external wall insulation FAQs, technical guidance, the EWI Industry Report 2025 and publications on the benefits of EWI and the fabric-first approach. Useful for the PAS 2035 requirement behind grant-funded EWI and for pointing a reader at a competent installer.

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10. good RN-DYGWMQ

    INCA (Insulated Render and Cladding Association)

    The trade association's collected answers on external wall insulation, useful for the practical questions a cost or how-to note has to handle: whether EWI suits a given construction type, what survey and system design precede specification, how insulant type and thickness are chosen against overhangs and boundaries, what render and brick slip finishes are available, and how INCA member systems are certified. Sits within INCA's Knowledge Hub alongside its technical guidance, its EWI Retrofit PAS 2035 material and the INCA EWI Directory of system designers and contractor members, which is the register to check an installer against.

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11. good RN-5E4PKZ

    INCA (Insulated Render and Cladding Association)

    The EWI trade association's own homeowner guide, and one of the few published UK sources with a rate per square metre for external wall insulation. As a very general guide it puts a standard system of 90 mm EPS board fixed to a masonry substrate finished with a lightly textured silicone render at somewhere between 65 and 95 pounds per square metre, with thicker insulation and different finishes increasing that. In whole-house terms it gives roughly 4,000 to 6,000 pounds for a small terraced property, 8,000 to 10,000 pounds for an average semi, and up to 12,000 to 14,000 pounds or more for larger detached homes. On savings it states a reduction in energy usage of up to 40 per cent and cites an Energy Saving Trust estimate of up to 455 pounds a year, expressly noted as a pre-2022 energy price figure. On planning it says in most cases planning permission is not required but the local planning office should always be checked first. On certification it states that all INCA member EWI systems are covered by British Board of Agrement certification, accredited to ISO 9001, and conform to current building and EWI fire regulations. Insulant is typically EPS or mineral fibre, with thickness set by the target thermal improvement and constrained by existing overhangs and by not encroaching on neighbouring property, walkways or public land; finishes include thin coat render, thick coat render, dry dash with local stone chips, stone effect, brick effect and timber panel effect, and these can be mixed on one elevation.

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12. good RN-X8D0QE

    Structural Timber Association

    The STA is the trade body representing structural timber manufacturers and specifiers, working to increase structural timber specification and to influence legislation and regulation in the sector. Its flagship technical document is the Volume 1 Pattern Book, covering the fire resistance performance of a range of commonly used structural timber walls and floors and explaining component build-ups and the modifications that are permitted. The Pattern Book is freely available to designers and specifiers but may only be used on projects where the timber frame, SIPs or mass timber elements are supplied by an STA member manufacturer, a limitation worth stating if a note points a reader to it. The STA also runs the STA Assure Quality Assurance Scheme for member competency and publishes fire research on timber frame and mass timber systems.

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13. good RN-DSL317

    TDCA

    The TDCA is an independent not-for-profit association covering the specification, design, installation and care of timber decking and cladding. It publishes the Timber Cladding Handbook and the Timber Decking Handbook free of charge, along with the Holiday Park Code of Practice and Technical Bulletin TB04 on deck parapet design and construction at £5 each, and resells BS 8417:2024 on wood preservation at £197.20. It runs the DeckMark and CladMark quality schemes, maintains supplier directories, and offers inspection and expert witness services. Cite this for the accredited-installer route and the free handbooks a reader can consult on cladding species and detailing.

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14. fair RN-RV8Z6H

    Energy Saving Trust

    Solid wall insulation costs and the quality problem. Typical installation £12,000 to £15,000, split as around £15,000 for external wall insulation and around £12,000 for internal. Around 33% of the heat lost from an uninsulated home goes through the walls. Homes built before 1920 are more likely to have solid walls, of brick, stone, earth or timber frame with panels. A registered installer should guarantee the work for 25 years, and any TrustMark solid wall insulation company offers a 25 year guarantee backed either by an insurer or through the Solid Wall Insulation Guarantee Agency. Records that in October 2025 the National Audit Office reported on quality failures in wall insulation under government schemes, and that 98% of homes fitted with external wall insulation under ECO4 and the Great British Insulation Scheme have problems needing fixing, with affected households sent an Ofgem letter carrying a Unique Measure Reference Number in early 2026 and a remediation line on 0333 555 1234 option 1.

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15. fair RN-9Y9BUQ

    University of Bath

    Laboratory testing of retrofit options on single-skin and cavity brick walls between two opposing climate chambers, with temperature, relative humidity and heat flux logged by surface sensors every 10 minutes under steady-state winter and summer scenarios (Journal of Building Engineering vol 23, pages 241-249, 2019). Findings a specifier can act on: single and cavity brick walls behaved significantly differently, and there was a high condensation risk in the non-ventilated air cavity of the double wall. A pervious lime-cement mortar render substantially improved the thermal performance of the single wall but increased the condensation risk of the cavity wall, so the same render is a good move on one construction and a bad one on the other. Adding an insulation layer reduced thermal conductance as expected, but the improvement in the summer scenario was considerably lower than in winter. The paper concludes effective retrofit depends on the material, the wall layout and the climate together, not on the material alone.

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16. supplier figure RN-JNOVCS

    Baumit

    Grey (graphite) expanded polystyrene board with square edges for external wall insulation systems. Board size 1200 x 600 mm, available in 20 to 280 mm thicknesses. Fire resistance class B1-s1-d0 approved according to ETAG 004 as stated on the page.

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17. supplier figure RN-SHAFKU

    Cedral (Etex)

    Flat fibre cement facade board, thickness 9 mm, available 2500 x 200 mm, 2500 x 300 mm, 2500 x 400 mm, 2500 x 1220 mm and 3050 x 1220 mm. Weight ranges from 6.5 to 47.4 kg per board depending on size. Fire safety classification A2-s1, d0 to EN 13501-1:2018. CCPI assessed.

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18. supplier figure RN-W38ETW

    Cedral (Etex)

    Fibre cement cladding board with a concealed click fixing. Length 3600 mm, width 186 mm, thickness 12 mm, weight 12.20 kg per siding, 1.60 sidings per m2 of facade. Fire safety classification A2-s1, d0 to EN 13501-1:2018. Can be placed horizontally or vertically, needs no painting, CCPI assessed.

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19. supplier figure RN-FIXXLV

    Cedral (Etex)

    Fibre cement weatherboard. Length 3600 mm, width 190 mm, thickness 10 mm, weight 11.20 kg per siding, 1.74 sidings per m2 of facade. Fire safety classification A2-s1, d0 to EN 13501-1:2018. Available in 22 colours with woodgrain or smooth finish, can be fitted horizontally or vertically, CCPI assessed. Covered by Cedral BBA certificates.

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20. supplier figure RN-7RE0C3

    FloPlast Limited

    FloPlast white PVC-UE roofline range. Four fascia profiles with different thicknesses and roles. Universal Fascia Board 9mm, widths 100, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300 and 354mm plus 450mm, intended for refurbishment capping over existing timber. Ogee Fascia Board 10mm, widths 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 404mm, a decorative alternative to the Universal. Mammoth Board 18mm, widths 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300 and 404mm, which does not need a backing board because of its rigid linear strength and thickness, so it can be fixed directly to the rafter ends in new build. Ogee Mammoth Board 18mm is the decorative version of the Mammoth. The 9mm/18mm distinction is the one that decides whether the old timber fascia has to stay in place.

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21. supplier figure RN-4AK512

    James Hardie

    Large format fibre cement facade board in 8 mm and 11 mm thicknesses. Sheet sizes raw 2438 mm (net 2428 mm) and raw 3048 mm (net 3038 mm) long by raw 1220 mm (net 1210 mm) wide. Weight 10.2 kg/m2 at 8 mm and 14.4 kg/m2 at 11 mm. Fire Classification A2-s1, d0 for both thicknesses. Natural fibre cement texture, 6 standard colours with custom colour on request.

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22. supplier figure RN-JIYLQJ

    James Hardie

    Medium density fibre cement weatherboard with a ColourPlus finish. Thickness 8 mm, length 3600 mm, width 180 mm with a 150 to 180 mm visible surface. Weight 7.4 kg per piece; 1.85 pieces per m2 including overlap. Fire Classification A2-s1, d0. Cedar or smooth texture, 21 standard colours.

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23. supplier figure RN-XR6MCG

    James Hardie

    Fibre cement plank with a cedar texture. Thickness 11 mm, length 3600 mm, width 214 mm with a 182 mm visible surface. Weight 10.5 kg per piece; 1.52 pieces per m2. Fire Classification A2-s1, d0. Eight standard colours.

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24. supplier figure RN-4WZ6B3

    K Rend (Kilwaughter Minerals)

    Cement based polymer modified basecoat, 25 kg sacks, mixed with 5 to 6 litres of clean water and at least 5 minutes mixing. Coverage 1.8 kg per mm thickness per m2, requiring approximately 8 to 11 kg/m2 at a nominal 4 to 6 mm thickness. Kitemark classifications: compressive strength CS IV, capillary water absorption category W2, thermal conductivity P=50% 0.46. Also used as an insulation bedding adhesive for polystyrene boards onto masonry, applied as a continuous perimeter line plus centre dabs covering at least 50% of the board, or with a notched trowel over the whole board face. Alkali resistant reinforcing mesh may be required.

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25. supplier figure RN-A5WNP7

    K Rend (Kilwaughter Minerals)

    Modified acrylic bonding coat used to improve adhesion of K Rend renders to difficult substrates. Density approximately 1.2 kg/m3 as stated on the sheet. Coverage approximately 0.25 to 0.45 kg/m2 depending on substrate. Tools and equipment cleaned with water immediately after use.

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26. supplier figure RN-CVW55A

    K Rend (Kilwaughter Minerals)

    Water repellent, cement based, polymer modified self coloured render supplied in 25 kg sacks, Kitemarked and CE marked to BS EN 998-1:2010. Mixing 4 to 5 litres of clean water per 25 kg sack, 10 minutes mixing, open time approximately one hour. One coat coverage 1.6 kg per mm thickness per m2; one coat requires approximately 26 to 32 kg/m2 at a nominal 16 to 20 mm thickness, normally applied in two passes. Kitemark classifications: compressive strength CS II, capillary water absorption category W2, thermal conductivity P=50% 0.43. Applied with a 12 mm or 14 mm mortar nozzle, levelled to 4 to 8 mm per pass, with most finishes at a recommended finished thickness of 12 to 14 mm and a minimum 10 mm of coloured K Rend left.

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27. supplier figure RN-RPDNZT

    K Rend (Kilwaughter Minerals)

    Ready to use organic resin thin coat render with silicone resin emulsion and acrylic dispersion, supplied in 25 kg buckets. Coverage by grain size: TC 05 (largest grain 0.5 mm) about 16 m2 per 25 kg bucket or 1.6 kg/m2 by hand and about 20 m2 or 1.3 kg/m2 sprayed; TC 10 (1.0 mm) about 14 m2 or 1.8 kg/m2; TC 15 (1.5 mm) about 10 m2 or 2.5 kg/m2; TC 30 (3.0 mm) about 5 m2 or 5 kg/m2. Classified to BS EN 15824: 2009: water vapour permeability Category V2, water absorption Category W3, adhesion 0.65 MPa, thermal conductivity lambda10 dry 0.83 (P=50%) and 0.93 (P=90%), density approximately 1,800 kg/m3, designation Coating Material DIN 18558 P Org 1. Reaction to fire Class A2-s1,d0. Substrate and air minimum 5 C at application; allow freshly applied basecoats a minimum of 14 days; prime with K Rend Primer TC and allow 24 hours.

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28. supplier figure RN-A9SPQ9

    Kingspan Insulation

    Rock mineral fibre rainscreen slab, thermal conductivity 0.034 W/mK, density 45 kg/m3, slabs 1200 x 600 mm. BBA Certificate 20/5845 covers thicknesses 30 to 200 mm. Fire: achieves European Classification (Euroclass) A1 when classified to EN 13501-1: 2018.

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29. supplier figure RN-GLCVCX

    Kingspan Insulation

    Phenolic rainscreen board, 2400 x 1200 mm, covered by BBA Certificate 14/5134 in thicknesses 25 to 150 mm. Two declared lambda values: 0.022 W/mK for insulant thickness 25 to 44 mm, and 0.021 W/mK for 45 to 150 mm. Declared compressive strength 100 kPa to BS EN 826: 2013. Published R-values (m2K/W) start at 50 mm 2.35, 60 mm 2.85, 70 mm 3.30. Fire: K15 achieves European Classification (Euroclass) C-s2,d0 when classified to EN 13501-1: 2018, test reference EUI-22-SBI-000057-A, with BS 8414 tested system reports listed separately.

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30. supplier figure RN-NALG7W

    Kingspan Insulation

    Phenolic external wall board for render and brick slip systems, 1200 x 600 mm. Two declared lambda values: 0.022 W/mK for insulant thickness 25 to 44 mm, and 0.021 W/mK for 45 to 100 mm. Declared compressive strength 100 kPa to EN 826: 2013. R-value at 25 mm is 1.10 m2K/W and rises with thickness. Fire: K5 achieves European Classification (Euroclass) C-s2,d0 when classified to EN 13501-1: 2018, test report EUI-22-SBI-000352 and classification report EUI-22-000352.

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31. supplier figure RN-EG6C8P

    Knauf Insulation

    Glass mineral wool multi purpose slab, 1200 mm long in 400 mm and 600 mm widths, ECOSE Technology binder. Declared thermal conductivity 0.035 W/(mK). Reaction to fire A1 to EN 13501-1. Published R-values by thickness: 50 mm 1.40, 70 mm 2.00, 75 mm 2.10, 100 mm 2.85, 140 mm 4.00, 150 mm 4.25 (m2K)/W. Holds BBA Agrement certificate 24/7110 for use as insulation between rainscreen facade systems, and a BBA certificate for timber and steel frame construction.

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32. supplier figure RN-1K74QO

    Knauf Insulation

    Rock mineral wool slab for external wall insulation systems, 1200 x 600 mm, adhered and mechanically fixed or mechanically fixed only. Declared thermal conductivity 0.036 W/(mK). Reaction to fire A1 to EN 13501-1, which Knauf states removes the need for fire barriers in the system. Thicknesses 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 170, 200, 230, 250 and 270 mm. BBA Agrement certificate 24/7271.

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33. supplier figure RN-XAAZ8D

    Knauf Insulation

    Water repellent rock mineral wool sheathing slab for rainscreen facade systems on buildings of any height, 1200 x 600 mm. Declared thermal conductivity 0.034 W/(mK). Reaction to fire A1 to EN 13501-1. Thicknesses run 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 mm. BBA Agrement certificate 19/5609.

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34. supplier figure RN-XK7VH7

    Marley Ltd

    Marley Weatherboard fibre cement external cladding board: 3600mm long, 200mm wide, 8mm thick, 8.6 kg per board, with a 30-50mm recommended lap. Textured woodgrain finish in 5 colours. Marley states the 200mm width and higher coverage per board saves up to 10% on labour and material costs compared with other weatherboard alternatives, and that it avoids the rot, maintenance and repainting of timber.

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35. supplier figure RN-98ASBK

    PermaRock Products Ltd

    Graphite loaded, flame retardant additive grade expanded polystyrene board for external wall insulation, to EN 13163. Standard dimensions 1200 x 600 mm, standard thicknesses 20 to 300 mm in 10 mm increments. Density about 16 kg/m3. Declared thermal conductivity 0.030 W/mK to EN 13163. Water vapour permeability 0.009 to 0.020 mg/(Pa.h.m). Fire behaviour B-s1,d0 or B-s2,d0 to EN 13501-1 depending on the finish used. The PermaRock EPS Premium system can be used on buildings up to 18 m in height. Zero ozone depletion potential, Green Guide A+.

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36. supplier figure RN-P88LGN

    PermaRock Products Ltd

    Non combustible mineral fibre EWI boards to BS EN 13162: 2012+A1:2015, supplied in Dual Density (DD), High Density (HD) and Mono Density (MD1 and MD2) types. Reaction to Fire Euroclass A1 for all insulation types to BS EN 13501-1. Board size 1200 x 600 mm for all types. Thickness ranges in 10 mm increments: DD 50 to 250 mm, HD 30 to 40 mm, MD1 30 to 250 mm, MD2 50 to 250 mm. Declared thermal conductivity: DD 0.036, HD 0.038, MD1 0.035, MD2 0.036 W/mK. Compressive strength at least 10 kPa for DD and HD, at least 10 kPa (MD1 at 50-90 and 210-250 mm) or at least 30 kPa (MD1 at other thicknesses and MD2). Tensile strength at least 10 kPa (DD, MD1, MD2) and at least 15 kPa (HD). Third party accreditation under Kiwa BDA Agrement Certificates BAW-24-331-S-A-UK, BAW-24-332-S-A-UK and BAW-25-403-S-A-UK.

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37. supplier figure RN-QURJN5

    PermaRock Products Ltd

    Ready to use through coloured textured render plaster with a hybrid nano-quartz binder, supplied in 20 kg plastic pails, shelf life 12 months unopened. Stippled texture, grain size 1.5 mm, consumption approximately 1.9 to 2.0 kg/m2. Density approximately 1.3 g/cm3. Water vapour permeability Sd (H2O) less than 0.07 m; coefficient of water absorption w less than 0.1 kg/(m2 h0.5). Fire behaviour A2-s1,d0 to EN 13501-1. Colours with a lightness factor below 20 are unsuitable for application onto EWI systems with EPS insulation.

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38. supplier figure RN-8LYXQE

    ROCKWOOL UK

    Dual density water repellent stone wool slab for steel frame, timber frame or masonry walls behind cladding, to EN 13162:2012+A1:2015. Thermal conductivity 0.034 W/mK at 50 to 80 mm and 0.035 W/mK at 90 to 230 mm. Reaction to fire Euroclass A1 in accordance with BS EN 13501-1: 2018. BBA Certificate No. 17/5402, CE certificate 0751-CPR-393.0-01, DoP number RWUK-CE-0031-05, CCPI assessment 011100185/1127. Facings available: none, aluminium foil, or glass tissue in black, neutral or white. The outer surface is a higher density than the underside to take fixings.

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39. supplier figure RN-NMVILV

    Russwood

    Acetylated radiata pine cladding, supplied in A1 grade only. Density medium, approximately 592 kg/m3 at a moisture content of approximately 8%. Durability Class 1 to 3 to BS EN 350-2 as a result of the acetylation modification, with a 50 year Accoya warranty as standard. Profiles include a 15 mm Performance Profile at 145 mm standard width, plus face fix and secret fix profiles at 20 mm and 21 mm thicknesses in 68, 95 and 145 mm standard widths.

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40. supplier figure RN-ZIVJ9D

    Russwood

    Home grown Scottish larch cladding. Density medium, classified by BS EN 350-2 at approximately 556 kg/m3 at a moisture content of approximately 18%. Natural durability Class 3 to BS EN 350-2, improved by grading that removes non durable sapwood from the working face; live knots only up to 50 mm diameter, boards sapwood free on exposed faces. Standard profiles include RW102 and RW014 at 25 mm thickness in 66 mm and 140 mm standard widths, intended for board on board and other simple face fixed arrangements and not recommended for tongue and groove or secret fixing.

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